Native to northern South America east of the Andes (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela). The history of the introduction of this species complex (all treated as R. marina) into the United States is detailed by many authors (Lobdell, 1936, Pages 123–124 in Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1936, Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Neil, 1957, Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Series 2: 175–220; Riemer, 1959, Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 21: 207–211; King and Krakauer, 1966, Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 29: 144–154; Easteal, 1981, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 16: 93–113; Krysko 2019, Rhinella marina. Pages 144–146 in Krysko et al. (Editors). Amphibians and reptiles of Florida. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, Florida). Building upon prior studies (Slade and Craig, 1998, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B. 265: 769–777; Vallinoto et al., 2010, Zoologica Scripta 39: 128–140), Acevedo (2016, Zootaxa 4103: 574–586), provided formal names for the lineages east (R. marina) and west (R. horribilis) of the Andes. In a range-wide genetic analysis, Mittan-Moreau et al. (2022, Molecular Ecology 31: 6440–6456) found that their samples from central (Tampa, Hillsborough County and Lakeland, Polk County) and southern (Miami, Miami-Dade County) Florida were R. horribilis (monophyletic and sister to a clade from Panama and Texas). They found no evidence that the many purported introductions of R. marina lineages (from the Guianas and Puerto Rico) into Florida persist but that the imported toads from Colombia (King and Krakauer, op. cit.) do. Many areas in Florida remain unsampled to determine if R. marina occurs in Florida. The species is established in Hawai'i (islands of Hawai'i, Kaua'i, Lana'i, Moloka'i, Maui, and O'ahu; McKeown, 1996, Diamond Head Publishing, Incorporated, Los Osos, California; Mittan-Moreau et al. (op. cit.).

Native to southern Nicaragua, south to Colombia. It is established in the canyons above Honolulu, O'ahu, Hawai'i (McKeown, 1996, Diamond Head Publishing, Incorporated, Los Osos, California).

Native to Puerto Rico. It was introduced to Connecticut (Beard and Pitt. 2005, Diversity and Distributions 2005: 427–433), Florida (Austin and Schwartz 1975, Copeia 1975: 188), and Louisiana (Schwartz, and Henderson. 1988, Milwaukee Public Museum Contributions in Biology and Geology 74: 1–264; Kraus, 2009, Alien Reptiles and Amphibians: A Scientific Compendium and Analysis. SpringerVerlag, Heidelberg, Germany). It is established in California (Beard and Pitt. 2005, op. cit.; Kraus. 2009, op. cit.) and Hawai'i (islands of Hawai’i, Kaua'i, Maui, and O’ahu; McKeown. 1996, A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians in the Hawaiian Islands. Diamond Head Publishing, Inc., Los Osos, California). In California, it was originally introduced in a plant nursery in San Diego County (Beard and Pitt. 2005, Diversity and Distributions 2005: 427–433; Erikson and Weston 2019, Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 118: 76–78). It is unknown if individuals in California are reproducing in the wild or being replenished by the tropical plant trade.

Native to Cuba and the Isla de Juventud, Grand Cayman and Cayman Brac, and Little Bahama Bank. It is established in southern Alabama (Carey, 1982, Herpetological Review 13: 130; Kraus, 2009, Alien Reptiles and Amphibians: A Scientific Compendium and Analysis. SpringerVerlag, Heidelberg, Germany), Florida (Cope, 1863, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 15: 43–54; Neil, 1951, The Florida Naturalist 24: 61–66; Dalrymple, 1994, Non-indigenous amphibians and reptiles. Pages in 72–86, An assessment of invasive non-indigenous species in Florida's public land. Technical Report No. TSs-94–100. Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Tallahassee, Florida; Krysko et al., 2011, Zootaxa 3028: 1–64), southern Georgia (Jensen, 2008, Greenhouse frog. Eleutherodactylus (Euhyas) planirostris. Pages 92–93 in Amphibians and Reptiles of Georgia. University of Georgia Press, Athens), Hawai'i (Kraus et al., 1999, Herpetological Review 30: 21–25; Kraus and Campbell, 2002, Biological Invasions 4: 327–332), southern Louisiana (Dundee and Rossman, 1989, The Amphibians and Reptiles of Louisiana. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, Louisiana; Boundy and Carr, 2017, Amphibians and Reptiles of Louisiana: An Identification and Reference Guide Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, Louisiana), Mississippi (Dinsmore, 2004, Herpetological Review 35: 403), southern South Carolina (Dillman and Gibbons, 2016, Herpetological Review 47: 76–77), and southeastern Texas (Simpson et al., 2019, Herpetological Review 50: 96). Powell et al. (2016, Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston) used the English name, Cuban Flat-headed Frog.

Native to The Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Cuba, and Virgin Islands. It was first observed during the 1920s on Key West, Florida, where it likely arrived as a stowaway in shipping containers and is now established throughout Florida (Barbour, 1931, Copeia 1931: 140; Allen and Neil, 1953, Copeia 1953: 127–128; Enge, 2019, Osteopilus septentrionalis. Pages 171–174 in Krysko et al. (Editors). Amphibians and reptiles of Florida. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, Florida), north along the Atlantic coast to Savannah, Georgia (Johnson, 2007, Herpetological Review 38: 349), and in New Orleans, Louisiana (Glorioso et al., 2018, Biological Invasions 20: 2707–271). Meshaka et al. (2022, Exotic Amphibians and Reptiles of the United States. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida) speculated that it may have been native to Key West.

Native to sub-Saharan Africa, including Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. It is established at a golf course in Tucson, Arizona (Dodd, 2023, Frogs of the United States and Canada. Second Edition. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland); in several counties in California (Bury and Luckenbach, 1976, Biological Conservation 10: 1–14; St. Amant et al., 1973, California Fish and Game 59: 151–153); and in King, Snohomish, and Thurston counties, Washington (Ojala-Barbour et al., 2021, African Clawed Frog (Xenopus laevis) Risk Assessment, Strategic Plan, and Past Management for Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington). It was introduced after the intentional release of ~200 individuals in a canal in Hialeah, Miami-Dade County, Florida, in 1964, but no frogs were found at this site thereafter (King and Krakauer, 1966, Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 29: 144–154). An adult female was collected in a retention pond in Titusville, Brevard County, Florida in 2010 (Krysko et al., 2011, Zootaxa 3028: 1–64), and another frog was found in Homestead, Miami-Dade County in 2014 (Somma and Krysko, 2019, Xenopus laevis. Pages 210–212 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida). It was initially believed that the established population in Riverview, Hillsborough County, Florida was X. laevis (Hill et al., 2017, BioInvasions Records 6: 87–94; Krysko et al., 2016, Reptiles & Amphibians. 23: 110–143; Somma and Krysko, op. cit.; Meshaka et al., 2022, Exotic Amphibians and Reptiles of the United States. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, Florida) until it was concluded to be X. tropicalis (Goodman et al., 2021, Journal of Herpetology 55: 62–69).

Newly listed species. Native to the coastal regions of southern western Africa from Gabon, west through Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, Nigeria, Benin, Togo, Ghana, Cote D'Ivoire, Mali, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea, and Senegal. Evans et al. (2015, PLoS One, 10: e0142823) revised the genus to such an extent that it leaves doubt on all prior species assignments. During the mid-1970s, a Xenopus was collected among a large complex of active and abandoned tropical fish breeding ponds in Riverview, Hillsborough County, Florida; between 2013 and 2016, four adults were collected on residential properties adjacent to the fishponds (Krysko et al., 2016, Reptiles & Amphibians. 23: 110–143; Somma and Krysko, 2019, Xenopus laevis. Pages 210–212 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida). In 2016, >10,000 tadpoles and metamorphs were collected in a nearby retention pond (Hill et al., 2017, BioInvasions Records 6: 87–94; Somma and Krysko. op. cit.). It was initially believed that the established population in Riverview was X. laevis (Hill et al., op. cit.; Krysko et al., op. cit.; Somma and Krysko, op. cit.; Meshaka et al., 2022, Exotic Amphibians and Reptiles of the United States. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, Florida) until it was concluded to be X. tropicalis (Goodman et al., 2021, Journal of Herpetology 55: 62–69).

Native to Japan. It was introduced as a biological control in 1876 and is established in Hawai’i (islands of Hawai'i, Kaua'i, Maui, and O'ahu) (McKeown 1996, Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians in the Hawaiian Islands. Diamond Head Publishing, Incorporated, Los Osos, California).

Newly listed species. Native to the Cauca River and Magdalena River drainage systems in western and northern Colombia and around the Maracaibo River Basin in northwestern Venezuela. It has been introduced via the pet trade in Miami, Miami-Dade County, Florida. A single specimen was found in 2019 in the extensive waterways of the Tamiami Canal (C–4) just south of the Miami International Airport (Sheehy et al., 2021, Reptiles & Amphibians 28: 355–357). Between 2019 and 2024, at least 110 specimens have been vouchered from five localities (dispersed over 10.5 km) in Miami-Dade County (Florida Museum of Natural History [FLMNH] 190000, 192195–6, 192311–40, 192401–48, 193493–507, 193948, 194665–8, 194670–8).

Native to southern Mexico south into the Amazon basin in Peru, northern Bolivia, and Brazil. It was introduced via the pet trade ca. 1960 and is established in drainage canals at the Homestead Air Reserve Base, Miami-Dade County, Florida (Ellis, 1980, Copeia 1980: 152–154). It now has established populations throughout The Everglades in Miami-Dade and Monroe counties, north to Brevard County (Rochford et al., 2019, Caiman crocodilus. Pages 306–308 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida).

Native to southeastern Asia (western Indonesia [Borneo, Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra], Cambodia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam). It was introduced during the early 1970s when an animal importer released several adult file snakes into an artificial rock pit at Jones Trailer Park in northern Miami-Dade County, Florida (Enge and Krysko, 2019, Acrochordus javanicus. Pages 448–450 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida). For at least 25 years, it was observed there swimming; five snakes were collected ca.1979 or 1980; a fisherman caught a large specimen on hook and line ca. 1990 (observed by numerous persons, including two Florida Game and Fish Commission wildlife officers); another fisherman caught and released a snake during the 1990s; a snake measuring ≥2.1 m TL was found floating dead ca. 1998; and one of the trailer park owners reported that residents there observed another snake swimming in the rock pit in 2002 (Enge and Krysko. op. cit.). Photographs of these snakes could not be secured, and no voucher exists from this site. Bartlett and Bartlett (2003, Florida's Snakes: A Guide to their Identification and Habits. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida) and Meshaka et al. (2004, The Exotic Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. Krieger Publishing Company, Melbourne, Florida) reported this species being present in Florida, but they were misled as to the actual location of the rock pit (Krysko et al., 2011, Zootaxa 3028: 1–64). In December 2002, five cold-stunned juveniles were purportedly found floating in the Tamiami Canal just west of Krome Avenue in Miami-Dade County (Krysko et al. op. cit.). In 2011, a snake was collected from a reptile dealer's facility in Hollywood, Broward County, Florida, where stock tanks drain outside onto the lawn (Krysko et al. op. cit.). It was not listed as established by Meshaka et al. (2022, Exotic Amphibians and Reptiles of the United States. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, Florida) due to the lack of a voucher from the rock pit colony.

Native to South America from Colombia, Venezuela, and Trinidad and Tobago, south and east to central Argentina, central Paraguay, and southern Brazil. It was introduced to 13 states and is established in Florida and Puerto Rico (López-González, 1991, Estudio prospectivo de los vertebrados terrestres del corredor turístico Cancún-Tulum, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico; Dalrymple, 1994, Pages 72–86 in D. C. Schmitz and T. C. Brown. (Editors). An assessment of invasive non-indigenous species in Florida's public land. Technical Report No. TSs-94–100. Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Tallahassee, Florida; Martínez-Morales and Cuaron, 1999, Biodiversity and Conservation 8: 957–963; Snow et al., 2007, Introduced Populations of Boa constrictor (Boidae) and Python molurus bivittatus (Pythonidae) in Southern Florida. Pp. 417–438 in Henderson and Powell (Editors). The Biology of Boas and Pythons. Eagle Mountain Publishing, Eagle Mountain, Utah; Reynolds et al., 2014, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 71: 201–213). Range-wide molecular data (Hynková et al., 2009, Zoological Science 26: 623–631; Reynolds et al., 2014, op. cit.; Suarez-Atilano et al., 2014, Journal of Biogeography 41: 2371–2384; Card et al., 2016, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 102(2016): 104–116; K. L. Krysko, personal communication) illustrate that this is a species complex and suggest the taxonomic recognition and distribution of three species: South American Boa Constrictor (Boa constrictor) from Argentina northward to Colombia and Venezuela in South America, Central American Boa Constrictor (Boa imperator) on the western side of the Andes Mountains from Colombia in South America northward through central America to Yucatán in southeastern Mexico of North America, and Mexican West Coast Boa Constrictor (Boa sigma) from the Pacific coast of Mexico eastward to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in North America. The introduced population in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, was represented by a single haplotype corresponding to B. c. constrictor from South America (Reynolds et al., 2013, op. cit.). Although boas have been introduced throughout Florida, it is known to be established only at the Charles Deering Estate in Miami, Miami-Dade County, since at least the 1970s (Dalrymple, 1994, op. cit.; Snow et al., 2007, op. cit.; Smith et al., 2019, Boa constrictor. Pages 452–454 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Meshaka, et al., 2022, Exotic Amphibians and Reptiles of the United States. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida). The established population at the Charles Deering Estate consist of multiple and divergent haplotypes most closely related to samples from the native range of Peru and Guyana, hence they are recognized as B. constrictor. The established population in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, shares the same haplotype with boas from multiple introduced areas in Miami-Dade County, Florida, including The Charles Deering Estate, Homestead, and The Everglades along US 41 in western Miami (K.L. Krysko, personal communication.).

Newly listed species. Native to the Amazon Basin of South America with a disjunct population in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. It was introduced via the pet trade in Gainesville, Alachua County, Hollywood, Broward County, and Bushnell, Sumter County, Florida (Krysko et al., 2011, Zootaxa 3028: 1–64), and is established around Turkey Point Power Plant, Homestead, Miami-Dade County, Florida (Asher and Krysko, 2024, Reptiles & Amphibians 31(E22335): 1-2.

Native to southeastern China, Vietnam, Myanmar, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Nepal, northern India, Indonesia, and Java and several other islands. It was introduced to seven states (Kraus, 2009, Alien Reptiles and Amphibians: A Scientific Compendium and Analysis. SpringerVerlag, Heidelberg, Germany). It was first intentionally introduced via the pet trade in 1979 in Florida along the northern boundary of Everglades National Park, established by the mid-1980s, and is now found throughout much of southern Florida, including the Florida Keys (Meshaka et al., 2000, Florida Scientist 63: 84–103; Snow et al., 2007, Introduced Populations of Boa constrictor (Boidae) and Python molurus bivittatus (Pythonidae) in Southern Florida. Pages 417–438 In: Henderson, R.W. and R. Powell (Editors). The Biology of Boas and Pythons. Eagle Mountain Publications, Eagle Mountain, Utah; Willson et al., 2011, Biological Invasions 13: 1493–1504; Krysko et al., 2019, Python bivittatus. Pages 454–458 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida). The 8th Edition of this list treated the Burmese Python as a subspecies of the Indian Python (P. molurus), Jacobs et al. (2009, Sauria 31: 5–16) recognized P. bivittatus.

Native to sub-Saharan Africa from Kenya and Tanzania west to Mali and Mauritania. It was introduced via the pet trade in Sarasota and Miami-Dade counties, Florida, and is established in western Miami near US Highway 41 and Krome Avenue, (Reed et al., 2010, Reptiles & Amphibians 17: 52–54; Mendyk et al., 2016, Reptiles & Amphibians 23: 16–20; Krysko et al., 2019, Python sebae. Pages 458–460 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida).

Native to southeastern Asia. It was introduced to 13 states and is established in Alabama, Arizona, California, Florida, Georgia, Hawai'i, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Texas, and Virginia (Kraus 2009, Alien Reptiles and Amphibians: A Scientific Compendium and Analysis. SpringerVerlag, Heidelberg, Germany). It is the most widely distributed snake in the world due to it being parthenogenic (all females) as well as transported easily in potted plants (hence the other common English name, Flower Pot Snake).

Native to western Africa. It was introduced to Georgia (Brennan et al., 2022, Herpetological Review 53: 272–273) and is established in Florida (Enge et al., 2004, Florida Scientist 67: 303–310). It was first introduced in Florida during the 1970s (Wilson and Porras, 1983, University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Special Publication No. 9, Lawrence), but this population was extirpated. It was subsequently introduced via the pet trade and became established in many areas in peninsular Florida and the Florida Keys (Enge et al., 2004, op. cit.; Enge et al., 2019, Agama picticauda. Pages 350–352 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida). Earlier confusion about the taxonomy of these lizards in Florida was resolved by Nuñez et al. (2016, Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 9: 138–146).

Native to southern Asia. It was introduced via the pet trade in Broward and St. Lucie counties, Florida (Enge and Krysko, 2004, Florida Scientist 67: 226–230; Enge and Krysko, 2019, Calotes “versicolor” complex. Pages 352–353 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida), and is established in St. Lucie County after a reptile dealer imported and released lizards from Pakistan in 1978 (Enge and Krysko, 2004, op. cit.; Krysko et al., 2019, op. cit.). Zug et al. (2006, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Fourth Series 57: 35–68) demonstrated that C. versicolor is a species complex but did not include specimens from Pakistan or Florida to identify which cryptic species they belong to.

Native to southeastern Asia. It was introduced via the pet trade ca. 1992 and is established in Miami, Miami-Dade County, Florida (Krysko and Enge, 2005,. Florida Scientist 68: 247–249; Cobb et al., 2016, Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 54: 131–137; Enge and Krysko, 2019, Leiolepis belliana belliana. Pages 354–355 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida). Cobb et al., 2016, op. cit. showed that Florida samples are closely related to lizards from Thailand in their native range. The authority has been updated from (Gray, 1827) in the prior list (Kraus and Krysko, 2017, Alien species. Pages 92–102 in Brian I. Crother (Editor). Herpetological Circulars (43): 102) to (Hardwicke and Gray, 1827).

Native to Indochina. It was introduced via the pet trade prior to 2013 and is established in Charlotte and Lee counties, Florida (Krysko et al., 2013, Reptiles & Amphibians 20: 197–198; Krysko and Enge, 2019, Leiolepis rubritaeniata. Pages 355–356 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida). Cobb et al. (2016, Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 54: 131–137) showed that Florida samples are closely related to lizards from Thailand in their native range. This species is not listed in Meshaka et al. (2022, Exotic Amphibians and Reptiles of the United States. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, Florida).

Newly listed species. Native to Belize, Cuba, Honduras, and southeastern Mexico. It was introduced via the pet trade prior to 2013 in Tampa, Hillsborough Co., Florida (Krysko et al., 2015, Reptiles & Amphibians: Conservation and Natural History 22: 128–131) and is established in Naples, Collier County (Donini and Allman, 2017, Herpetological Review 48: 587–588; Krysko et al., 2019, Anolis allisoni. Pages 364–366 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida). Use of the subgeneric name follows Poe et al. (2017, Systematic Biology 66: 663–697).

Native to Hispaniola, it was first introduced via the pet trade in 1986 in Port Mayaca, Martin County, Florida (Camposano and Krysko, 2019, Anolis chlorocyanus. Pages 369–370 in Krysko et al. (Editors). Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida). It is also established in Parkland, Broward (Moler, 1988, A Checklist of Florida’s Amphibians and Reptiles. Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission, Nongame Wildlife Program, Tallahassee; Butterfield et al., 1994, Herpetological Review 25: 77–78; Kolbe et al., 2007, Conservation Biology 21: 1612–1625) and West Palm Beach, Palm Beach (Camposano et al., 2009, Herpetological Review 40: 363–364; Camposano and Krysko, 2019, op. cit.) counties. Previously established populations in Martin (Camposano and Krysko, 2019, op. cit.) and Miami-Dade (Bartlett, 1988, In Search of Reptiles. E. J. Brill, New York, New York; Meshaka et al., 2004, The Exotic Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. Krieger Publishing Company, Melbourne, Florida) counties in Florida have been extirpated. Use of the subgeneric name follows Poe et al. (2017, Systematic Biology 66: 663–697).

Native to Puerto Rico (including many offshore islands), Dominica, and the British and United States Virgin Islands. It was introduced in Highlands County, Florida (Lawson, et al., 2019, Herpetological Review 50: 524) and is established in Broward, Miami-Dade, and Monroe counties in Florida (Brach, 1977, Copeia 1977: 184–185; Camposano and Krysko, 2019,. Anolis cristatellus. Pages 370–372 in Krysko et al. (Editors). Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida). Use of the subgeneric name follows Poe et al. (2017, Systematic Biology 66: 663–697).

Native to Hispaniola. It was first intentionally introduced prior to 1965 in Sunset Park, Miami-Dade County, Florida, but these individuals did not establish (King and Krakauer, 1966, Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 29: 144–154). It was subsequently introduced at a residence in Miami, Miami-Dade County in 1967 (Ober, 1973, HISS News Journal 1: 99); in Port Mayaca, Martin County in 1986 (Camposano and Krysko, 2019, Anolis cybotes cybotes. Pages 372–373 in Krysko et al. (Editors). Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida), and Parkland, Broward County in the 1980s (Butterfield et al., 1994, Herpetological Review 25: 77–78). Wilson and Porras (1983, University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Special Publication No. 9, Lawrence) found this species at the Miami residence site (Ober, 1973, op. cit.), but no individuals were found during visits in 2001 and 2008 (Camposano and Krysko, 2019, op. cit.). Genetic data of individuals from Parkland, Broward County and Port Mayaca, Martin County suggest two Use of the subgeneric name follows Poe et al. (2017, Systematic Biology 66: 663–697).

Native to Hispaniola and The Bahamas. It was introduced in Colorado and is established in Florida (Kraus, 2009, Alien Reptiles and Amphibians: A Scientific Compendium and Analysis. SpringerVerlag, Heidelberg, Germany). It was first found in Brickell Park, Miami-Dade County, Florida in the 1940s (Smith and McCauley, 1948, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 61: 159–166), where it was likely introduced as a stowaway in cargo (King and Krakauer, 1966, Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 29: 144–154; Krysko et al., 2011, Zootaxa 3028: 1–64). It has since been introduced Broward, Collier, Lee, Martin, Monroe, and Palm Beach counties, Florida (Camposano and Krysko, 2019, Anolis distichus. Pages 373–375 in Krysko et al. (Editors). Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida). Smith and McCauley (1948, op.cit.) described A. d. floridanus based on morphological differences between specimens from Miami and those from The Bahamas and Hispaniola. Schwartz (1968, Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 137: 255–310) confirmed these differences and suggested that A. d. floridanus colonized Florida recently, either by natural dispersal or human introduction, and that the Bimini chain (A. d. biminiensis) and Andros Island (A. d. distichoides) represented the most likely sources. Beckles (2020, Ph.D. dissertation. University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida) found that some A. distichus mtDNA haplotypes from Florida are most similar to Hispaniolan haplotypes, while others, although most similar to Bahamian haplotypes, are divergent from them, suggesting another, possibly natural, colonization of Florida from The Bahamas and a more recent introduction from Hispaniola. Extant populations show evidence of hybridization between introduced A. d. dominicensis [now A. dominicensis (Glor and Laport, 2012, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 64: 255–260) and A. d. floridanus (Miyamoto et al., 1986, Copeia 1986: 76–86)], but the origin of the other form is currently unknown. A detailed study of genetic variation in A. distichus, similar to that done for A. sagrei (Kolbe et al., 2004, Nature 431: 177–18) would help to resolve this issue. Use of the subgeneric name follows Poe et al. (2017, Systematic Biology 66: 663–697).

A new species to the list, formerly listed as Anolis distichus dominicensis. Native to Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Elevated to specific status by Glor and Laport (2012, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 64: 255–260). It was introduced in Miami, Miami-Dade County, Florida (King and Krakauer, 1966, Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 29: 144–154; Wilson and Porras, 1983, University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Special Publication No. 9, Lawrence). Another form, Anolis distichus ignigularis (now A. ignigularis (Glor and Laport, 2012, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 64: 255–260), was introduced to Miami-Dade County (King and Krakauer, op. cit.; Schwartz and Henderson, 1988, Milwaukee Public Museum Contributions in Biology and Geology 74: 1–264; 1991, Amphibians and Reptiles of the West Indies. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, Florida); however, according to Wilson and Porras (op. cit.), this population is no longer extant. Hybridization appears to have occurred between A. dominicensis and A. distichus floridanus (Miyamoto et al., 1986, Copeia 1986: 76–86; see comment under A. d. floridanus). Use of the subgeneric name follows Poe et al. (2017, Systematic Biology 66: 663–697).

Native to Cuba. It was introduced to Oah'u, Hawai'i (McKeown, 1996, A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians in the Hawaiian Islands. Diamond Head Publishing, Incorporated, Los Osos, California; Lazell and McKeown, 1998, Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 33: 181) and is established in Florida (Camposano and Krysko, 2019, Anolis equestris equestris. Pages 375–377 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida). It was first introduced in Florida at the University of Miami's old North Campus in Coral Gables, Miami-Dade County, Florida in 1952 (Neill, 1957, Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Series 2: 175–220; King and Krakauer, 1966, Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 29: 144–154; Camposano and Krysko, 2019, op. cit.). It was subsequently introduced to many other areas from Key West, Monroe County north to St. Augustine, St. Johns County, Florida (Brown, 1972, Florida Naturalist 45: 130; Brach, 1976, Copeia 1976: 187–189; Dalrymple, 1980, Journal of Herpetology 14: 412–415; Wilson and Porras, 1983, University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Special Publication No. 9, Lawrence; Camposano and Krysko, 2019, op. cit.). Genetic data from Florida specimens suggest two different native range origins in Cuba (Kolbe et al., 2007, Conservation Biology 21: 1612–1625). Use of the subgeneric name follows Poe et al. (2017, Systematic Biology 66: 663–697).

Native to Jamaica. It was introduced via the pet trade prior to 1975 and is established in Miami, Miami-Dade County, Florida (Wilson and Porras, 1983, University of Kansas Special Publication : 1–89; Krysko, 2019, Anolis garmani. Pages 377–379 in Krysko et al. (Editors). Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida). Use of the subgeneric name follows Poe et al. (2017, Systematic Biology 66: 663–697).

Native to Cuba. It was first reported in the Florida Keys (Barbour, 1904, Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 46: 55—61) where it was likely introduced as a stowaway in cargo (Krysko et al., 2011, Zootaxa 3028: 1–64). It was subsequently found on the southern Florida mainland (see Meshaka et al. 1997, Herpetological Review 28: 101–102; Wegener et al., 2019, Ecology and Evolution 9: 4138–4148). Despite its genetic material being confirmed in Miami, Miami-Dade County (Kolbe et al., 2007, Conservation Biology 21: 1612–1625), its genome in Florida is likely at very low abundance (Krysko et al., 2011, op. cit.). Because there is no current evidence that the species is established (Kolbe et al., 2007, Conservation Biology 21: 1612–1625) and it cannot be distinguished morphologically from the native A. carolinensis that it readily hybridizes with (Camposano, 2011, M.S. thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville), A. porcatus is not treated as an established nonnative species in Florida (Krysko and Alfonso, 2019, Anolis carolinensis and Anolis porcatus. Pages 367–368 in Krysko et al. (Editors). Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida). Use of the subgeneric name follows Poe et al. (2017, Systematic Biology 66: 663–697).

Native to the Cayman Islands, Cuba and The Bahamas. It was first introduced prior to 1887 in the Florida Keys, Monroe County, Florida (Garman, 1887, Bulletin of the Essex Institute 19: 1–50), where it was likely introduced as a stowaway in cargo (Krysko et al., 2011, Zootaxa 3028: 1–64).It has since established throughout all of Florida (Campbell, 2003, Herpetological Review 34: 173–174; Krysko, 2019, Anolis sagrei sagrei. Pages 379–382 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida). It was introduced in 13 other states (Kraus, 2009, Alien Reptiles and Amphibians: A Scientific Compendium and Analysis. SpringerVerlag, Heidelberg, Germany) and is established in Alabama (Steffen and Birkhead, 2007, Herpetological Review 38: 353; Guyer et al., 2019, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, Alabama), California (Mahrdt et al., 2014, Herpetological Review 45: 658–659; Fisher et al., 2020, PeerJ 8(e8937): 1–12), Georgia (Campbell and Hammontree, 1995, Herpetological Review 26: 107), Hawai'i (Kishinami and Kishinami, 1996, Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 46: 45–46), Louisiana (Thomas et al., 1990, Herpetological Review 21: 22), North Carolina (Bean, 2019, Herpetological Review 50: 538–542) and Texas (King et al., 1987, Texas Journal of Science 39: 289–290; Dixon, 2000, Amphibians and Reptiles of Texas: With Keys, Taxonomic Synopses, Bibliography, and Distribution Maps). Reports from many southern states require confirmation of establishment. Poe et al. (2017, Systematic Biology 66: 663–697) consider ordinatus and greyi synonyms of sagrei. Nicholson et al. (2018, Zootaxa 4461: 573–586) does not list mayensis but does recognize A. s. greyi and A. ordinatus. All invasive populations (in Florida) show evidence of hybridization among native-range lineages (Bock et al., 2021, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) 118: 1–10). Introduced individuals have most commonly been reported as A. s. sagrei, however, Kolbe et al. (2004, Nature 431: 177–181; 2007, Conservation Biology 21: 1612–1625) identified the sources of Florida populations as having native range origins from eastern and western Cuba, as well as The Bahamas; therefore A. s. greyi, A. s. ordinatus, and A. s. sagrei may all be involved, and more research is needed. Use of the subgeneric name follows Poe et al., (op. cit.).

Native to St. Vincent, many coastal cays, and Chateaubelair Island, Lesser Antilles. It was introduced via the pet trade in 2004 and is established in Miami Beach, Miami-Dade County, Florida (Krysko et al., 2011, Zootaxa 3028: 1–64; Krysko, 2019, Anolis trinitatis. Pages 382–383 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida). Not listed in Meshaka et al. (2022, Exotic Amphibians and Reptiles of the United States. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, Florida). Use of the subgeneric name follows Poe et al. (2017, Systematic Biology 66: 663–697).

Native to the southwestern Arabian Peninsula to Yemen. It was introduced via the pet trade and is established in Florida and Hawai'i. In Florida, it was first introduced via the pet trade prior to 2004 in Fort Myers, Lee County (Krysko et al., 2004, Florida Scientist 67: 249–253) but has since been introduced in other areas in the peninsula (Enge and Krysko, 2019, Chamaeleo calyptratus. Pages 357–359 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida). In Hawai’i, it established during the 2000s; 59 individuals were removed from a 1.5 ha area on Maui (Kraus and Duvall, 2004, Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 79: 63.

Native to Madagascar. It was introduced via the pet trade during the late 1990s and is established in Florida City, Miami-Dade County, Florida (Gillette et al., 2010, Reptiles & Amphibians 17: 248–249). It was subsequently introduced in Palm Beach County (Rochford et al., 2019, Furcifer oustaleti. Pages 359–361 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida).

Native to Madagascar. It was introduced via the pet trade in Broward, DeSoto, and Miami-Dade counties, Florida and was established in 2008 in Coconut Creek, Broward County (Rochford et al., 2013, Reptiles & Amphibians 20: 205–207; Rochford and Krysko, 2019, Furcifer pardalis. Pages 361–362 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida).

Native to eastern Africa. It was introduced via the pet trade and established in California in 1981 (Kraus, 2009, Alien Reptiles and Amphibians: A Scientific Compendium and Analysis. SpringerVerlag, Heidelberg, Germany) and in Hawai'i on Oah’u, Hawai’i, Kaua’i, Lana’i and Maui as early as 1972 (McKeown, 1996, Diamond Head Publishing, Incorporated, Los Osos, California; Kraus, 2009, op. cit.).

Native to Central America and northern South America. It was first introduced via the pet trade prior to 1976 at the Miami International Airport, Miami-Dade County, Florida (Wilson and Porras, 1983, The Ecological Impact of Man on the South Florida Herpetofauna. University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Special Publication 9: i–vi + 1–89; Krysko et al., 2006, Iguana 13: 24–30; Enge and Krysko, 2019, Basiliscus vittatus. Pages 362–364 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida). It has since been found in many areas of central and southern Florida, including the Florida Keys, Monroe County (Greene et al., 2012, Reptiles & Amphibians 19: 265–266; Enge and Krysko, 2009, op. cit.).

Native to the Middle East and northeastern Africa. It is established in Arizona (Babb, 2014, Herpetological Review 45: 461), California (Hansen and Nafis, 2021, Herpetological Review 52: 795), Nevada (Stocking and Jones, 2017, Herpetological Review 48: 389), and Texas (Selcer and Bloom, 1984, Southwestern Naturalist 29: 499–500; Bloom et al., 1986, Southwestern Naturalist 31: 129–131; Kraus, 2009, Alien Reptiles and Amphibians: A Scientific Compendium and Analysis. SpringerVerlag, Heidelberg, Germany).

Native to southern Asia through the Pacific islands. It was introduced in California (Shaw, 1946, Herpetologica 3: 125–126; Kraus, 2009, Alien Reptiles and Amphibians: A Scientific Compendium and Analysis. SpringerVerlag, Heidelberg, Germany), Florida (Meshaka et al., 2004, The Exotic Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida), and is established in Hawai’i (Hunsaker and Breese, 1967, Pacific Science 21: 423–428; Kraus, 2009, op. cit.). The date of publication of the name Hemidactylus mutilatus (=Gehyra mutilata) is sometimes given as 1835 (e.g., Kluge, 1991, Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service (85): 1–35) presumably based on the idea that the species was first described by Wiegmann in Nova Acta Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum the date of which is either 1834 or 1835; however, the first valid use of the name is in Wiegmann (1834, Herpetologica Mexicana; see Bauer and Adler, 2001, Archives of Natural History, 28: 313–326 for a discussion of the dates of the relevant publications).

Native to Vietnam. It was introduced via the pet trade during the 2000s and is established in Hollywood, Broward County, Florida (Krysko et al., 2011, Zootaxa 3028: 1–64; Krysko and Rochford, 2019, Gekko badenii. Pages 323–324 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida).

Native to southeastern Asia. It was introduced via the pet trade during the 1960s and is established in Miami, Miami-Dade County, Florida (King and Krakauer, 1966, Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 29: 144–154; Rochford and Krysko, 2019, Gekko gecko. Pages 324–326 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida) and on O’ahu, Hawai'i (McKeown, 1996, Diamond Head Publishing, Incorporated, Los Osos, California; Kraus, 2009, Alien Reptiles and Amphibians: A Scientific Compendium and Analysis. SpringerVerlag, Heidelberg, Germany). It has since been introduced in the Florida Keys, Monroe County, north to Leon County, Florida (Rochford and Krysko, 2019, op. cit.). Based on both genetic and morphological data, two distinct lineages (G. g. gecko and undescribed Form B) have been found throughout both Miami-Dade County and the Florida Keys (Fieldsend et al., 2023, bioRxiv doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.02.07.527561). It has apparently been eradicated on O’ahu, Hawai'i (Kraus and Krysko, 2017, Alien species. Pp. 92–102 in Crother (editor). Herpetological Circulars (43): 1–102.

Native to southeastern Asia from Pakistan east to Japan, Indonesia, the Philippines, and New Guinea. It is established in Florida (Meshaka et al., 1994, Herpetological Review 25: 127–128; Krysko, 2019, Hemidactylus frenatus. Pages 326–327 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida), Hawai'i (Hunsaker and Breese, 1967, Pacific Science 21: 423–428), and Texas (McAllister et al., 1990, Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington 57: 1–4).

Native to southeastern Asia. It is established in Alabama (Powell et al., 2016, Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston), California (Shaw, 1946, Herpetologica 3: 125–126; Kraus, 2009, Alien Reptiles and Amphibians: A Scientific Compendium and Analysis. SpringerVerlag, Heidelberg, Germany; Pauly et al., 2015, Herpetological Review 46: 569), Florida (King and Krakauer, 1966, Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 29: 144–154; Krysko, 2019, Hemidactylus garnotii. Pages 327–329 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida), Georgia (Powell et al., 2016, op. cit.), Hawai'i (Girard, 1858, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 9: 195–199; Hunsaker and Breese, 1967,. Pacific Science 21: 423–428; Kraus, 2009, op. cit.), and Texas (Franklin, 1996, Herpetological Review 27: 152; Kraus, 2009, op. cit.). It is parthenogenic (all females).

Native to Africa (and perhaps parts of South America and the Caribbean, cf. Kluge, 1969, Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. 138: 1–78). It is established in California (Mahrdt et al., 2021, Herpetological Review 52: 84), Florida (Lawson et al., 1991, Herpetological Review 22: 11–12; Krysko, 2019, Hemidactylus mabouia. Pages 329–331 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida) and Texas (Fierro-Cabo and Renfro, 2014, BioInvasions Records 3: 309–312). The standardized English name changed from Wood Slave to reflect its contemporary usage.

Native to Sri Lanka and southern India. It is established in Louisiana (Heckard et al., 2013, Reptiles & Amphibians 20: 192–196) and Texas (Davis and LaDuc, 2019, Herpetological Review 50: 102).

Native to southeastern Asia. It was introduced via the pet trade during the 1980s and is established in Clearwater, Pinellas County, Florida (Meshaka and Lewis, 1994, Herpetological Review 25: 127) and has since been found in Alachua, Broward, Lee, and Miami-Dade counties (Krysko, 2019, Hemidactylus platyurus. Pages 332–333 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida). This species was transferred from Cosymbotus (Carranza and Arnold (2006, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 38: 531–545).

Native to the Mediterranean region. It was introduced in 24 states (Kraus, 2009, Alien Reptiles and Amphibians: A Scientific Compendium and Analysis. SpringerVerlag, Heidelberg, Germany) and established in Alabama (Mount, 1975, The Reptiles and Amphibians of Alabama. Auburn University Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Alabama. 347 pp.), Arizona (Robinson and Romack, 1973, Journal of Herpetology. 7: 311–312), Arkansas (Paulissen and Buchanan, 1990, Herpetological Review 21: 22), California (Beaman, 2005, Herpetological Review 36: 79), Florida (Fowler, 1915, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67: 244–269 (a H. mabouia); Barbour, 1936,. Copeia 1936: 113; King and Krakauer, 1966, Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 29: 144–154; Krysko, 2019,. Hemidactylus turcicus. Pages 333–335 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida), Georgia (Bechtel, 1983, Herpetological Review 14: 27–28), Illinois (McDowell et al., 2006, Herpetological Review 37: 495), Kansas (Hare, 2006, Journal of Kansas Herpetology : 9), Kentucky (Krusling and Mitchell, 2013, Herpetological Review 44: 107), Louisiana (Etheridge, 1952, Copeia 1952: 47–48), Maryland (Norden and Norden, 1991, The Maryland Naturalist 33: 57–58), Mississippi (Keiser, 1984, Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Sciences. 29: 17–18), Missouri (Bufalino, 2004, Herpetological Review 35: 188), Nevada (Saethre and Medica, 1993, Herpetological Review 24: 154–155), New Mexico (Painter et al., 1992,Herpetological Review 23: 62), North Carolina (Beane, 2019, Herpetological Review 50: 538–542), Oklahoma (Lardie, 2001, Herpetological Review 32: 119), Pennsylvania (Ruhe et al., 2019,. Herpetological Review 50: 536–537), South Carolina (Eason and McMillan, 2000, Herpetological Review 31: 53), South Dakota (Platt et al., 2008, Herpetological Review 39: 238), Tennessee (Hively, 2015, Herpetological Review 46: 59), Texas (Conant, 1955, American Museum Novitates (1726): 1–6), Utah (Reed et al., 2006, Herpetological Review 37: 106.), and Virginia (Kleopfer et al., 2006, Herpetological Review 37: 106–107; Swartwout et al., 2014, Herpetological Review 45: 92).

Native to southeastern Asia and the Pacific. It was introduced in California (Shaw, 1946, Herpetologica 3: 125–126) and is established in Hawai'i (Stejneger, 1899, Proceedings of the United States National Museum 21: 783–813; McKeown, 1996, A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians in the Hawaiian Islands. Diamond Head Publishing, Incorporated, Los Osos, California; Kraus, 2009, Alien Reptiles and Amphibians: A Scientific Compendium and Analysis. SpringerVerlag, Heidelberg, Germany).

Native from southern Asia through much of the Pacific. It was introduced via the pet trade in 2005 and is established in St. Lucie, St. Lucie County, Florida (Meshaka et al., 2004, The Exotic Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. Krieger, Melbourne, Florida; Krysko et al., 2011, Zootaxa 3028: 1–64; Krysko, 2019, Lepidodactylus lugubris. Pages 335–336 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida), and throughout Hawai'i (Oliver and Shaw, 1953, Zoologica 38: 65– 95; Hunsaker and Breese, 1967, Pacific Science 21: 423–428; McKeown, 1978, Hawaiian reptiles and amphibians. Oriental Publishing Company, Honolulu, Hawai'i. 80pp). McKeown (1996, A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians in the Hawaiian Islands. Diamond Head Publishing, Incorporated, Los Osos, California) questioned if L. lugubris was present in Hawai’i before the arrival of Europeans. This taxon is a unisexual complex of diploid and triploid populations of apparently independent origins (Moritz et al., 1993, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 48: 113–133; Volobouev, 1994, Biogeographica 70: 14).

Native to Madagascar. It was introduced via the pet trade during the 1990s and is established in the Florida Keys, Monroe County, Florida (Bartlett and Bartlett, 1999, A Field Guide to Florida Reptiles and Amphibians. Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas; Krysko et al., 2003, Florida Scientist 66: 222–225; Krysko, 2019, Phelsuma grandis. Pages 336–338 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida) and on O’ahu, Hawai'i (Kraus, 2002, Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 69: 48–52).

Native to Mauritius. It is established on O’ahu, Hawai'i (McKeown 1996, A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians in the Hawaiian Islands. Diamond Head Publishing, Incorporated, Los Osos, California).

Native to Madagascar and Seychelles. It was introduced via the pet trade in Broward, Miami-Dade, and Pinellas counties, Florida, and is established on Stock Island, Monroe County (Bartlett and Bartlett, 2006, Guide and Reference to the Crocodilians, Turtles, and Lizards of Eastern and Central North America (North of Mexico). University Press of Florida, Gainesville; Krysko et al., 2011, Zootaxa 3028: 1–64; Krysko and Borgia, 2012, Reptiles & Amphibians 19: 217–218; Krysko, 2019, Phelsuma laticauda laticauda. Pages 338–339 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida) and throughout Hawai'i (McKeown, 1996, A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians in the Hawaiian Islands. Diamond Head Publishing, Incorporated, Los Osos, California).

Native to Isla San Esteban, Sonora, Mexico. A population of Ctenosaura established at the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum in Arizona contains mitochondrial DNA from the Isla San Esteban Spiny-tailed Iguana, but it remains uncertain whether this represents a pure population of this species or a hybrid swarm with the C. macrolopha (Edwards et al., 2005, Sonoran Herpetologist 18: 122–125). Not listed in Meshaka et al. (2022, Exotic Amphibians and Reptiles of the United States. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, Florida).

Native to Mexico. A population of Ctenosaura established at the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum in Arizona contains mitochondrial DNA from the Sonoran Spiny-tailed Iguana, but it remains uncertain whether this represents a pure population of this species or a hybrid swarm with the C. conspicuosa (Edwards et al., 2005, Sonoran Herpetologist 18: 122–125). Not listed in Meshaka et al. (2022, Exotic Amphibians and Reptiles of the United States. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, Florida.)

Native to Central America. It was introduced via the pet trade during the 1960s and is established in Miami, Miami-Dade County, Florida (Eggert, 1978, Florida Wildlife 31: 9–10.; Krysko et al., 2003, Florida Scientist 66: 141–146; Townsend et al., 2003, Herpetozoa 16: 67–72; Enge and Krysko, 2019, Ctenosaura pectinata. Pages 383–385 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida) and Texas (Smith and Kohler, 1977, Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 80: 241; Locey et al., 2008, Herpetological Review 39: 328–349).

Native to Central America. It was introduced to Georgia (Brennan et al., 2022, Herpetological Review 53: 272–273) and is established in many areas of Florida since the 1970s (Butterfield et al., 1997, pp. 123–138. In: D. Simberloff, D. C. Schmitz, and T. C. Brown (Editors), Strangers in Paradise: Impact and Management of Nonindigenous Species in Florida. Island Press, Washington, D.C.; Krysko and Nuñez, 2019, Ctenosaura similis. Pages 385–387 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida). Based on genetic analysis, most Florida populations are the result of independent introductions with native range origins of Honduras (Nuñez, 2016, M.S. thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville). Cowan (1969, Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History 5: 137–140) listed the authority date as 1830 (not 1831).

Native to Central and South America. It was introduced via the pet trade during the 1960s in Miami, Miami-Dade County, Florida and is established throughout much of southern Florida, including the Florida Keys (King and Krakauer, 1966, Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 29: 144–154; Wilson and Porras, 1983, University of Kansas Special Publication : 1–89; Enge and Krysko, 2019, Iguana iguana. Pages 388–391 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida), and 1950s on O’ahu, Hawai'i (McKeown, 1996, A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians in the Hawaiian Islands. Diamond Head Publishing, Incorporated, Los Osos, California), and Texas (Meshaka et al., 2004, The Exotic Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. Krieger, Melbourne, Florida).

Newly listed species. Native to northern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. It is established in a small area of coastal Ventura County, California, by October 2023 (Hansen and Shedd. 2025, California Amphibians and Reptiles. Princeton University Press. 520 pp) (Los Angeles County Museum [LACM] 195828; California State University, Northridge [CSUN] 4259, 5831). An effort is underway to eradicate the species before it spreads further (Robert N. Fisher, USGS, San Diego, California, personal communication).

Native to western Europe. It was introduced in New Jersey (Conant, 1975, A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. 2nd edition, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, Massachusetts; Kraus, 2009, Alien Reptiles and Amphibians: A Scientific Compendium and Analysis. SpringerVerlag, Heidelberg, Germany) and is established in Topeka, Kansas (Collins, 1974, Amphibians and Reptiles in Kansas University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Public Education Series : 283 pp; Kalyabina-Hauf and Deichsel, 2002, Herpetological Review 33: 225–226).

Native to Europe. It was introduced to New Jersey (Conant, 1945, Copeia 1945: 233) and is established in Indiana (Walker and Deichsel, 2005, Herpetological Review 36: 302), Kentucky (Draud and Ferner, 1994, Herpetological Review 25: 33), Ohio (Vigle, 1977, Herpetological Review Supplement 8: 19), and British Columbia (Allan et al., 1993, The ecology of introduced Common Wall Lizards (Podarcis muralis) in Saanich, Vancouver Island. Final Report, British Columbia Ministry of Environment. 24pp; Kraus, 2009, Alien Reptiles and Amphibians: A Scientific Compendium and Analysis. SpringerVerlag, Heidelberg, Germany).

Native to the northern central Mediterranean, including Croatia, Italy, and Slovenia. It is established in California (Deichsel et al., 2010, Herpetological Review 41: 513–514), Connecticut (Donihue et al., 2014, Herpetological Review 45: 661–662), Kansas (Collins, 1974, Amphibians and Reptiles in Kansas University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Public Education Series : 283pp; Taggart, 2004, Journal of Kansas Herpetology : 10), Massachusetts (Donihue, 2017, Herpetological Review 48: 126), Missouri (Briggler et al., 2015, Reptiles & Amphibians 22: 43–45), New Jersey (Silva-Rocha et al., 2014, Acta Herpetologica 9: 253–258), New York (Gossweiler, 1974,M.S. thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. 49pp.; Gossweiler, 1975, Copeia 1975: 584–585), Pennsylvania (Kauffeld, 1931, Copeia 1931: 163–164; Conant, 1959, Copeia 1959: 335–336), Washington (Raimond and Lambert, 2020, Herpetological Review 51: 272), and British Columbia, Canada (Hanke and Deichsel, 2020, Canadian Field-Naturalist 134: 60–63).

Native to Cuba, The Bahamas, Cayman Islands, and Honduras. It was introduced in Georgia (Brennan et al., 2022, Herpetological Review 53: 272–273.) and established during the 1930s at the Opa-Locka Zoo, Miami-Dade County, Florida (Barbour, 1936, Copeia 1936: 113). It was subsequently introduced as a biological control (Weigl et al., 1969, Copeia 1969: 841–842) and via the pet trade (Duellman and Schwartz, 1958, Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History. Biological Sciences. 3: 181–324; King, 1960, Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Science 23: 71–73) and has since been found from Key West, Monroe County north to Jacksonville, Duval County (Alfonso and Krysko, 2019, Leiocephalus carinatus armouri. Pages 391–393 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida).

Native to Hispaniola. It was introduced via the pet trade prior to 1978 in Miami, Miami-Dade County, Florida but failed to establish (Wilson and Porras, 1983, University of Kansas Special Publication : 1–89). It was subsequently introduced and is established in Broward, Charlotte, and Miami-Dade counties, Florida (Krysko and Burgess, 2008, Herpetological Review 39: 368; Alfonso and Krysko, 2019, Leiocephalus schreibersii. Pages 393–395 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida).

Newly listed species. Native to northeastern Africa (Algeria, Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, and Sudan) and southern Middle East (Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Sinai [Egypt], and Syria). It is established in Orange County, California (Hansen and Shedd, 2025, California Amphibians and Reptiles, Princeton University Press. 520 pp).

Native to northern Africa. It is established in California (Fisher et al., 2021, Herpetological Review 52: 85) and Broward, Lee, Miami-Dade, and St. Lucie counties, Florida (Bartlett, 1997, Reptilian 4: 44–50; Meshaka et al., 2004, The Exotic Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. Krieger, Melbourne, Florida; Krysko et al., 2016, Reptiles & Amphibians 23: 110–143; Rochford and Krysko, 2019, Tarantola annularis annularis. Pages 340–341 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida).

Native to the Mediterranean region. It is established in California (Mahrdt, 1998, Herpetological Review 29: 52) and Hollywood, Broward County, Florida (Bartlett and Bartlett, 1999, A Field Guide to Florida Reptiles and Amphibians. Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas.; Krysko et al., 2011, Zootaxa 3028: 1–64; Rochford and Krysko, 2019, Tarantola annularis annularis. Pages 342–343 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida).

Native to the Mediterranean region, Middle East, and northern Africa. It is established in Arizona (Gunn et al., 2012, Herpetological Review 43: 551–553), California (Pauly et al., 2024, Herpetological Review 54: 402–403), and Florida (Krysko et al., 2011, Zootaxa 3028: 1–64; Enge and Krysko, 2019, Chalcides ocellatus. Pages 406–407 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida).

Native to many Pacific islands. It is established throughout Hawai’i (Stejneger, 1899, Proceedings of the United States National Museum 21: 783–813; McGregor, 1904, Proceedings of the United States National Museum 28: 115–118; McKeown, 1996, A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians in the Hawaiian Islands. Diamond Head Publishing, Incorporated, Los Osos, California; Alvarez et al., 2023, Pacific Science 77: 87–101).

Native to the Pacific islands. It was established on Kaua’i, Hawai'i, but may now be extirpated there (Fisher and Ineich, 2012, Oryx 46: 187–195).

Native to the Pacific islands. It was established on Kaua’i, Hawai'i, but may now be extirpated there (Fisher and Ineich, 2012, Oryx 46: 187–195).

Native to Southern Asia. It was introduced via cargo during the 1990s and is established in Coconut Grove, Miami-Dade County, Florida (Meshaka, 1999, Florida Scientist 62: 153–157; Smith and Krysko, 2019, Eutropis multifasciata. Pages 403–404 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida).

Native to eastern Australia. It is established throughout Hawai’i (Loveridge, 1939, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 52: 1–2; Oliver and Shaw, 1953, Zoologica 38: 65– 95; McKeown, 1978, Hawaiian Reptiles and Amphibians. Oriental Publishing Company, Honolulu, Hawai'i. 80pp; Baker, 1980, Pacific Science 33: 207–212).

Native to some Pacific islands. It is established throughout Hawai’i (Stejneger, 1899, The land reptiles of Hawaiian Islands. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 21: 783–813; McKeown, 1996, A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians in the Hawaiian Islands. Diamond Head Publishing, Incorporated, Los Osos, California; Austin, 1999, Nature 397: 113–114). Salavenko et al. (2022, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 220–227) created the genus Ornithuroscincus and transferred Lipinia noctua into it. Slavenko et al. (op. cit.) suggested that Ornithuroscincus noctua was a species complex in need of further taxonomic resolution.

Native to sub-Saharan Africa. It was introduced via the pet trade during the 2000s and is established in Port St. Lucie, St. Lucie County, Florida (Krysko et al., 2010, Reptiles & Amphibians 17: 183–184; Krysko, 2019, Trachylepis quinquetaeniata quinquetaeniata. Pages 404–406 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida).

Native to Central and South America and the Caribbean. It was introduced during the 1930s and is established in the Florida Keys, Monroe County, Florida (Carr, 1939, Copeia 1939: 232; Krysko, 2005, Florida Scientist 68: 272–280; Krysko, 2019, Gonatodes albogularis albogularis. Pages 343–345 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida).

Native to Cuba, Jamaica, and The Bahamas. It was introduced via cargo during the 1940s and is established on Key West and Stock Island, Monroe County, Florida (Savage, 1954, Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 57: 326–334; Duellman and Schwartz, 1958, Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History. Biological Sciences. 3: 181–324; Wilson and Porras, 1983, University of Kansas Special Publication : 1–89; Lawson et al., 1991, Herpetological Review 22: 11–12; Krysko and Sheehy, 2005, Caribbean Journal of Science 41: 169–172; Alfonso and Krysko, 2019, Sphaerodactylus argus argus. Pages 345–346 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida).

Native to Cuba and Hispaniola. it was introduced via cargo during the 1920s and is established on Key West, Monroe County, Florida (Stejneger, 1922, Copeia 1922: 56) and has since been found throughout the Keys north to Miami-Dade and Broward counties (Wilson and Porras, 1983, University of Kansas Special Publication : 1–89; Alfonso and Krysko, 2019, Sphaerodactylus elegans. Pages 346–348 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida).

Native to Brazil north to Venezuela and the Lesser Antilles. It was introduced via the pet trade in 1954 and is established in Miami, Miami-Dade County, Florida (Neil, 1957, Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences 2: 175–220; Duellman and Schwartz, 1958, Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences 3: 181–324; King and Krakauer, 1966,. Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 29: 144–154; Crowder, 1974, The exotic vertebrates of south Florida. South Florida Environmental Project Ecological Report No. DI–SFEP–74–30. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Pb-235 214, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. 45pp). It has since been found in Broward, Collier, and Monroe counties (Krysko, 2019, Ameiva ameiva ameiva. Pages 425–426 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida). Earlier confusion about the taxonomy of these lizards (Wilson and Porras, 1983, The Ecological Impact of Man on the South Florida Herpetofauna. University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Special Publication 9: i–vi + 1–89) has been resolved by Ugueto and Harvey (2011, Herpetological Monographs. 25: 113–170).

Native to Costa Rica south to Colombia and Venezuela. It was introduced prior to 1979 and is established at the Crandon Park Zoo on Key Biscayne, Miami-Dade County, Florida (Wilson and Porras, 1983, The Ecological Impact of Man on the South Florida Herpetofauna. University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Special Publication 9: i–vi + 1–89; Krysko et al., 2010, Herpetological Conservation and Biology 5: 132–142; Krysko, 2019, Ameiva praesignis. Pages 427–428 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida). Earlier confusion about the taxonomy of these lizards (Wilson and Porras, 1983, op. cit.) has been resolved by Ugueto and Harvey (2011, Herpetological Monographs. 25: 113–170).

Native to Mexico south to Nicaragua. It was introduced during the 1980s and established in Hialeah and Opa-Locka, Miami-Dade County, Florida (Bartlett, 1995, U.S. Tropical Fish Hobbyist 43: 112, 114–119, 121–122, 124–126; Meshaka et al., 2004, The Exotic Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida). It has since been found at other localities in Miami-Dade County (Smith and Krysko, 2007, Caribbean Journal of Science 43: 260–265) and Summerland Key, Monroe County (Enge et al., 2015, Herpetological Review 46: 567; Enge and Krysko, 2019, Aspidoscelis motaguae. Pages 428–429 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida).

Native to Guatemala south to Argentina. It was introduced via the pet trade during the 1960s in Hialeah, Miami-Dade County, Florida but these individuals did not establish (King and Krakauer, 1966, Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 29: 144–154; Wilson and Porras, 1983, The Ecological Impact of Man on the South Florida Herpetofauna. University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Special Publication 9: i–vi + 1–89). It has since established at other localities in northern Miami-Dade County (Bartlett, 1995,. U.S. Tropical Fish Hobbyist 43: 112, 114–119, 121–122, 124–126; Punzo, 2001, Herpetological Review 32: 85–87; Meshaka et al., 2004, The Exotic Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida; Enge and Krysko, 2019, Cnemidophorus lemniscatus. Pages 432–433 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida). Several species, both uni- and bisexual, have been described for different parts of the taxon that was formerly known as C. lemniscatus (King and Krakauer, 1966, Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 29: 144–154; Cole and Dessauer, 1993, American Museum Novitates. 3081: 1–30; Markezich et al., 1997, American Museum Novitates. 3207: 1–60). This introduced population is bisexual but has not yet been associated with one or more of those species.

Native to Brazil, Uruguay, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Argentina. It was introduced via the pet trade in Washington (Freeman, 2024, The Seattle Times. 21 July) and is established in Florida (Smith and Krysko, 2007, Caribbean Journal of Science 43: 260–265; Krysko et al., 2011, Zootaxa 3028: 1–64; Enge, 2019, Salvator merianae. Pages 434–436 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida), Georgia (Haro et al., 2020, Southeastern Naturalist 19: 649–662), and possibly South Carolina (Haro et al. op. cit.).

Native to Brazil, Paraguay, eastern Uruguay, and northern Argentina. It was introduced via the pet trade in 1990 in Seminole County, Florida but did not establish (Anonymous, 1990, The League of Florida Herpetological Societies Newsletter 1990: 24; Krysko et al., 2011, Zootaxa 3028: 1–64) and has since been found and established in many other areas in Florida (Krysko et al., 2011, op. cit.; Krysko et al., 2016, Reptiles & Amphibians. 23: 110–143; Edwards et al., 2017, BioInvasions Records 6: 407–410; Edwards and Rochford, 2019, Tupinambis teguixin. Pages 437–438 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida).

Native to sub-Saharan Africa. It was introduced in Arizona (Goodykoontz, 2024, Arizona Republic. 11 July), Georgia (Brennan et al., 2022, Herpetological Review 53: 272–273) and is established in Florida (Dalrymple, 1994, Non-indigenous amphibians and reptiles. Pages 67–78, An assessment of invasive non-indigenous species in Florida's public land. Technical Report No. TSs-94–100. Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Tallahassee, Florida. 78pp.; Enge et al., 2004, Southeastern Naturalist 3: 571–582; Campbell, 2005, Eradication of introduced carnivorous lizards from the Cape Coral area. Final Report to the Charlotte Harbor National Estuary Program, Fort Myers, Florida; Wood et al., 2016, Journal of Heredity 107: 349–362; Enge and Krysko, 2019, Varanus niloticus. Pages 438–440 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida).

Native to the Pacific lowlands of southern Mexico, El Salvador, and Guatemala. It was introduced via the pet trade ca. 2010 and is established in the canal system in Zoo Miami, Miami-Dade County, Florida (Smith et al., 2011, Reptiles & Amphibians 18: 55–56; Smith and Krysko, 2019, Staurotypus salvinii. Pages 283–284 in Krysko et al. (Editors) Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida).

Native to southeastern China and northern Vietnam. It was introduced in California (Bury and Luckenbach, 1976, Biological Conservation 10: 1–14), and is established in marshes and canals in Kaua'i and Oah'u, Hawai'i (McKeown and Webb, 1982, Journal of Herpetology 16: 107–111; McKeown, 1996, A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians in the Hawaiian Islands. Diamond Head Publishing, Incorporated, Los Osos, California).

Newly listed species. Native to eastern Russia, northeastern China, Korea, and possibly Japan. It is established on O'ahu, Hawai'i (Dong et al., 2016, Conservation Genetics 17: 207–220). It was not listed in Meshaka et al. (2022, Exotic Amphibians and Reptiles of the United States. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, Florida).

Native to eastern Asia. It was introduced to Maryland (Kraus, 2009, Alien Reptiles and Amphibians: A Scientific Compendium and Analysis. SpringerVerlag, Heidelberg, Germany) and is established on O'ahu and Kaua'i, Hawai'i (Brock, 1947, Copeia 1947: 142; McKeown and Webb, 1982, Journal of Herpetology 16: 107–111; McKeown,1996, Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians in the Hawaiian Islands. Diamond Head Publishing, Incorporated, Los Osos, California; Dong et al., 2016, Conservation Genetics 17: 207–220).